10.1 Angular Acceleration - Teacher Physics 2e | 10.1 Angular Acceleration Open Stax (2023)

learning target

At the end of this section, you can:

  • Describe uniform circular motion.
  • Explain non-uniform circular motion.
  • Calculate the angular acceleration of an object.
  • Observe the relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration.

Uniform circular motion and gravityOnly uniform circular motion, that is, circular motion with constant velocity and thus constant angular velocity, is discussed. Think about that angular velocityohohDefined as the time rate of change in angleandand:

oh=DandDtime,oh=DandDtime,

10.1

Whereandandis the rotation angle as followsFigure 10.3. The relationship between angular velocityohohand line speedvvis also defined inRotation Angle and Angular VelocityI

v = oh v = oh

10.2

from

oh = v right , oh = v right ,

10.3

Whererightrightis the radius of curvature, and can also beFigure 10.3. By sign convention, counterclockwise is positive and clockwise is negative

10.1 Angular Acceleration - Teacher Physics 2e | 10.1 Angular Acceleration Open Stax (1)

Lectra10.3 The diagram shows uniform circular motion with some defined quantities.

Angular velocity is not constant when a skater pulls his arms back, when a child starts a carousel from rest, or when a computer's hard drive slows to a stop when it is turned off. In all these cases, there is aangular acceleration,inohohVariety. The faster the change occurs, the greater the angular acceleration. angular accelerationAADefined as the rate of change of angular velocity. In equation form, the angular acceleration is expressed as follows:

A=DohDtime,A=DohDtime,

10.4

WhereDohDohyeschange in angular velocityUDtimeDtimeis a change over time. The unit of angular acceleration israd/s/Srad/s/S, fromrad/s2rad/s2. Iohohthen increaseAAbe positive. ifohohthen reduceAAis a negative number.

example 10.1

Calculation of Bicycle Wheel Angular Acceleration and Deceleration

Suppose a teenager puts a bike on his back and spins the rear wheel from rest to a terminal angular velocity of 250 rpm in 5.00 seconds. (a) Calculate angular accelerationrad/s2rad/s2. (b) Now if she hits the brakes, resulting in an angular acceleration of87,3rad/s287,3rad/s2How long does it take for the wheels to stop?

(a) Strategy

Angular acceleration can be found directly from its definitionA=DohDtimeA=DohDtimeBecause the final angular velocity and time are given. We sawDohDohat 250 rpm,DtimeDtimeis 5.00 seconds.

Solution (1)

If we enter known information into the definition of angular acceleration, we will get

A=DohDtime=250 t/min5.00 SEKA=DohDtime=250 t/min5.00 SEK

10.5

becauseDohDohUnits are revolutions per minute (rpm), we want the default units to berad/s2rad/s2For angular acceleration, we need to convertDohDohFrom revolutions per minute to rad/s:

Doh = 250 Rotating speed minute 2π work Rotating speed 1 minute 60 SEK = 26.2 rad S Doh = 250 Rotating speed minute 2π work Rotating speed 1 minute 60 SEK = 26.2 rad S

10.6

Enter this amount in the expressionAA,we got

A = Doh Dtime = 26.2 lines/sec 5.00 SEK = 5.24 rad/s 2 A = Doh Dtime = 26.2 lines/sec 5.00 SEK = 5.24 rad/s 2

10.7

(b) Strategy

In this section, we know angular acceleration and initial angular velocity. We can find the dwell time by solving the definition of angular acceleration using andDtimeDtime, surrender

Dtime=DohADtime=DohA

10.8

Solution for (b)

As a result, the angular velocity decreases26.2 lines/sec26.2 lines/sec(250 rpm) is zero, soDohDohyes26.2 lines/sec26.2 lines/sec,youAAwill give87,3rad/s287,3rad/s2. so,

Dtime = 26.2 lines/sec 87,3 rad/s 2 = 0,300 SEK. Dtime = 26.2 lines/sec 87,3 rad/s 2 = 0,300 SEK.

10.9

discuss

Note that the angular acceleration as the girl turns the steering wheel is small and positive; it takes 5 seconds to develop a significant angular velocity. When he hits the brakes, the angular acceleration is high and negative. The angular velocity quickly goes to zero. In both cases, the relationship is similar to what happens in linear motion. For example, if you hit a brick wall, there is a large delay; large speed changes in short time intervals.

In the previous example, if the bike were standing on the wheels instead of standing upside down, it would first accelerate on the ground and then stop. The relationship between circular motion and linear motion needs to be explored. For example, it would be useful to know the relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration. Circular motion involves linear accelerationtouchMake a circle at the point of interest, as shownFigure 10.4. So there is a linear accelerationTangential acceleration AtimeAtime

10.1 Angular Acceleration - Teacher Physics 2e | 10.1 Angular Acceleration Open Stax (2)

Lectra10.4 In circular motion, linear accelerationAA, which occurs when the velocity magnitude changes:AAtouch sport. In circular motion, linear acceleration is also called tangential accelerationAtimeAtime

Linear or tangential acceleration refers to a change in the magnitude of velocity, not its direction. we knowUniform circular motion and gravityThe centripetal acceleration of circular motion isACAC, referring to a change in the direction of the velocity, not a change in its magnitude. An object in circular motion will experience centripetal acceleration, as shown in the figureFigure 10.5. so,AtimeAtimeUACACperpendicular to each other and independent of each other. Tangential accelerationAtimeAtimedirectly related to angular accelerationAARelates to an increase or decrease in velocity, but not the direction of velocity.

10.1 Angular Acceleration - Teacher Physics 2e | 10.1 Angular Acceleration Open Stax (3)

Lectra10.5 centripetal accelerationACACOccurs when the velocity direction is changed; it is perpendicular to the circular motion. Therefore, centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration are perpendicular to each other.

Now we can find the exact relationship between the linear accelerationAtimeAtimeand angular accelerationAA. Since linear acceleration is proportional to a change in velocity magnitude, it is defined as (egone-dimensional kinematics) yes

Atime=DvDtimeAtime=DvDtime

10.10

Note that for circular motionv=ohv=oh, so

Atime=DohDtimeAtime=DohDtime

10.11

radiusrightrightis constant for circular motion, and so onDoh=rightDohDoh=rightDoh. so,

Atime=rightDohDtimeAtime=rightDohDtime

10.12

By definition,A=DohDtimeA=DohDtime. so,

A time = a , A time = a ,

10.13

from

A = A time right A = A time right

10.14

These equations imply that linear acceleration is directly proportional to angular acceleration. The greater the angular acceleration, the greater the linear (tangential) acceleration and vice versa. The greater the angular acceleration of the driving wheels of the car, the greater the acceleration of the car. Radius is also important. The smaller the wheel, the smaller the linear acceleration for a given angular accelerationAA

example 10.2

Calculation of Motorcycle Wheel Angular Acceleration

This powerful motorcycle accelerates from 0 to 30.0 m/s (approximately 108 km/h) in 4.20 seconds. What is the angular acceleration of a wheel with a radius of 0.320 m? (lookFigure 10.6.)

10.1 Angular Acceleration - Teacher Physics 2e | 10.1 Angular Acceleration Open Stax (4)

Lectra10.6 The linear acceleration of the motorcycle follows the angular acceleration of the wheels.

strategy

We obtain information about the linear velocity of the motorcycle. In this way we can find its linear accelerationAtimeAtime. then the expressionA=AtimerightA=AtimerightCan be used to find angular acceleration.

solution

The linear acceleration is

Atime=DvDtime=30.0 m/s4,20 SEK=7.14Mrs2Atime=DvDtime=30.0 m/s4,20 SEK=7.14Mrs2

10.15

We also know the wheel radius. input valueAtimeAtimeUrightrightCome inA=AtimerightA=Atimeright,we got

A = A time right = 7.14 Mrs 2 0,320 meters = 22.3 rad/s 2 A = A time right = 7.14 Mrs 2 0,320 meters = 22.3 rad/s 2

10.16

discuss

The radian unit is dimensionless and occurs in any relationship between angular and linear quantities.

So far we have defined three rotation quantities:and,ohand,oh,youAA. These quantities are similar to translational quantitiesX,vX,v,youAATable 10.1Shows rotation quantities, similar translation quantities, and the relationship between them.

turn around translate eel relation
and and X X and = X right and = X right
oh oh v v oh = v right oh = v right
A A A A A = A time right A = A time right

table 10.1 rotation and translation

Making Connections: An Experiment to Take Home

Sit in a swivel chair with your feet on the floor. Lift one leg so it is not bent (extended). Using the other leg, push yourself onto the floor and start turning. Stop pushing the floor with your legs and let the chair spin. From where you started, plot the leg's angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration over time as three separate graphs. Estimate the size of these quantities.

check your understanding

Angular acceleration is a vector that has both magnitude and direction. How do we indicate its size and orientation? for example.

solution

The magnitude of the angular acceleration isAAThe most common is the unitrad/s2rad/s2. The direction of angular acceleration along a fixed axis is indicated by a + or - sign, just as the direction of linear acceleration in one dimension is indicated by a + or - sign. Take the example of a gymnast doing a front flip. Her angular momentum will be parallel to the mat and to her left. The magnitude of its angular acceleration is proportional to its angular velocity (rotational speed) and its moment of inertia around the axis of rotation.

ladybug revolution

Explore rotational motion with Ladybug. Turn the dial to change the angle, or choose a constant angular velocity or angular acceleration. Use vectors or graphs to understand how circular motion relates to the bug's x,y position, velocity, and acceleration.

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